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- $Unique_ID{BRK04188}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Rheumatic Fever}
- $Subject{Rheumatic Fever Acute Rheumatic Fever Rheumatic Arthritis
- Inflammatory Rheumatism Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis }
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 469:
- Rheumatic Fever
-
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Rheumatic Fever) is not the
- name you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing on the next page to
- find alternate names, disorder subdivisions, and related disorders covered by
- this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Acute Rheumatic Fever
- Rheumatic Arthritis
- Inflammatory Rheumatism
-
- Information on the following disease can be found in the Related Disorders
- section of this report:
-
- Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Rheumatic Fever is an inflammatory syndrome that can occur following
- streptococcal infections of the throat (strep throat). Patients initially
- experience moderate fever, a general feeling of ill health (malaise), a sore
- throat, and fatigue. Major complications can include heart disease, joint
- pain and arthritis, involuntary abrupt limb movements with characteristic
- grimaces (chorea), and possible skin symptoms. Treatment should begin as
- soon as possible, and be maintained for months or even years to help control
- serious complications. Rheumatic fever can be avoided if strep throat is
- vigorously treated and cured with antibiotics.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Rheumatic Fever is preceded by a streptococcal throat infection, which may or
- may not be noticeable as a sore throat. After a latent period of two or
- three weeks, the patient may develop the initial symptoms of Rheumatic Fever.
- The most common symptom is arthritis, which may be acutely painful. The
- knees are most often affected, although several joints may be involved;
- sometimes the inflammation may shift from joint to joint. The arthritis may
- completely disappear, even without treatment, usually within six weeks.
-
- The most serious problem that can be caused by Rheumatic Fever is
- rheumatic heart disease. Physicians must carefully monitor the heart
- throughout the course of the disorder. The membranes lining the heart
- chambers may be inflamed (endocarditis), the muscle walls of the heart may be
- inflamed (myocarditis), the membrane surrounding the heart may be inflamed
- (pericarditis), or any combination of these symptoms may occur. A heart
- murmur not previously present, enlargement of the heart (cardiomegaly),
- congestive heart failure, and pericardial friction rubs or leakage of blood
- from vessels into heart tissue may be signs of Rheumatic Carditis.
- Inflammation and subsequent scarring of heart valves occurs in patients with
- this disorder, and can lead to heart function abnormalities. (For more
- information on this disorder, see "Rheumatic Fever: Down But Not Out" in the
- Prevalent Health Conditions/Concerns area of NORD Services.)
-
- Chorea is a rare complication of Rheumatic Fever consisting of
- involuntary, abrupt, nonrepetitive limb movements and characteristic
- grimaces. It typically occurs months after the initial streptococcal
- infection. Inappropriate crying or laughing, and extreme weakness may also
- occur. Speech is often halting, jerky, or slurred. These symptoms may
- disappear within a few weeks or months.
-
- Painless, firm, round lumps underneath the skin (subcutaneous nodules)
- may develop over bones and near joints. The nodules rarely last for more
- than a month. A skin rash (erythema marginatum) may develop, described as
- painless, short-term, non-itching, spotted, pink, circular in shape,
- resembling smoke rings that expand while clearing at the center. This rash
- is limited to the skin of the trunk and nearby parts of the limbs. It can
- last for hours or days, and may recur.
-
- Arthritis, Carditis, and Chorea are complications of Rheumatic Fever that
- can occur singly or in combination. Subcutaneous nodules and erythema
- marginatum are rarely seen without Carditis. Moderate fever, a general
- feeling of discomfort (malaise), and fatigue usually occur, especially when
- Carditis is present. Patients may also experience nosebleeds.
-
- Causes
-
- Although Rheumatic Fever is clearly linked to Group A Streptococcal
- infections (strep throat), the exact mechanism causing the disorder is not
- well understood. Strep throat is highly contagious, whereas Rheumatic Fever
- is not contagious. In the absence of proper treatment, severe complications
- may occur and progressively severe recurrences of Rheumatic Fever may
- develop.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Rheumatic Fever usually affects children between five and fifteen years of
- age, but may occur among young adults as well. Although outbreaks have
- steadily declined since the end of World War II in the United States, several
- outbreaks linked to a particularly virulent strain of Streptococcal infection
- have occurred. However, throughout this period, this disorder has remained a
- constant ailment in India, the Middle East and some countries in Africa.
- Recently a reoccurrence of Rheumatic Fever developed in a number of US
- states. This time the disease is occurring in suburban and rural areas
- instead of inner city areas, and, instead of affecting poor Whites and
- Blacks, the disorder is affecting a white middle-class population.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Symptoms of the following disorder can be similar to those of Rheumatic
- Fever. Comparisons may be useful for a differential diagnosis:
-
- Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, also known as Still's Disease or Chronic
- Polyarthritis, is characterized by progressive pain and tenderness in one or
- more joints. This disorder, which tends to affect girls more than boys, may
- begin abruptly with high fever, joint pain, and a variety of skin rashes.
- Normal growth may be diminished and the spleen and/or liver may become
- enlarged. The exact cause is not known. Some forms of Arthritis are
- believed to be autoimmune disorders (the body's natural defenses against
- invading organisms suddenly begin to attack healthy tissue).
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Timely treatment of the group A streptococcal throat infection (strep throat)
- which precedes Rheumatic Fever is vitally important to prevent this disorder.
- Aggressive treatment of strep throat with antibiotics usually guarantees that
- Rheumatic Fever will not develop. Rarely, there may be no apparent symptoms
- of strep throat (such as soreness) to warn a parent that a child needs
- medical care. The subsequent lack of treatment may lead to the development
- of Rheumatic Fever.
-
- When Rheumatic Fever develops, it is treated with anti-inflammatory drugs
- to help ease the arthritic symptoms. In cases involving the heart, steroid
- drugs such as prednisone may be helpful. If the heart becomes enlarged
- (cardiomegaly), corticosteroid drugs may also prove effective to control
- fever, discomfort, and irregular heartbeat. In extremely severe cases,
- intravenous methylprednisone followed by oral prednisone may control heart
- inflammation.
-
- Aspirin may be prescribed to control recurrence of inflammation after
- steroid (prednisone) therapy is discontinued. Continued administration of
- antibiotics for months or years can also help avoid recurrent acute attacks.
- Recurrences are most likely during the first three to five years after the
- initial symptoms of Rheumatic Fever appear. In patients who develop
- rheumatic heart disease, medication may be continued well into adult life,
- past the age where a patient is exposed to school age children.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- Researchers at Rockefeller University, New York City, have identified two
- monoclonal antibodies that can possibly be used to detect potential Rheumatic
- Fever patients. However, more research is needed before this screening
- method can be used more generally as a preliminary step leading go
- immunization of susceptible persons against strep throat and/or Rheumatic
- Fever.
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through
- October 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep
- every entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate.
- Please check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most
- current information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Rheumatic Fever, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- NIH/National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases (NIAID)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5717
-
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- 1600 Clifton Road, NE
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- (404) 639-3534
-
- References
-
- RESURGENCE OF ACUTE RHEUMATIC FEVER IN THE INTERMOUNTAIN AREA OF THE UNITED
- STATES: L.G. Veasy, et al.; N Eng J Med (February 19, 1987, issue 316 (8)).
- Pp. 421-427.
-
- RHEUMATIC FEVER IN THE EIGHTIES: M. Markowitz; Pediatr Clin North Am
- (October 1986, issue 33(5)). Pp. 1141-1150.
-
- RHEUMATIC FEVER: DOWN BUT NOT OUT: Evelyn Zamula; FDA Consumer (July-
- August 1987). Pp. 26-28.
-
-